#also complexity is often just a language's way of making it easier for native speakers to understand

[touchlikethesun]

the next time someone calls english a "simple language" i'm bringing out the knives. this goes for any other language too actually. there's no such thing as a "simple" or "simplified" human language. if people speak it natively, it will be as complex and as simple as any other language. stop it with these made up hierarchies born of bitterness ffs

[olderthannetfic]

This is going to be an obvious question to anyone who's familiar with the language, but how does one type in Chinese? All the languages I've studied have had alphabetic writing systems, so to me foreign language typing is just assigning different letters on the keyboard and hitting them in order the same as English.

I imagine there's some way of entering the elements of each glyph with a command that tells it where to place it? I tried googling and just got a bunch of articles about how autocorrect can suggest Chinese characters when a user types the words in pinyin, but this sounds like a laborious and clunky system for someone who reads and writes Chinese fluently, and it wouldn't nessecarily exist on all devices.

--

(same anon wondering about typing Chinese characters) I also figure that if converting from pinyin was the primary or only way to get digital Chinese characters, then a lot more online spaces would just use pinyin in the first place and save everyone the trouble. The people writing multichapter fanfics or chatting away on social media in Chinese definitely have a fluent way to type their language that probably doesn't involve converting the entire text from an unrelated writing system, but these articles just aren't telling me what it is.

Ahahaha. Anon... phonetic entry is so much easier than other methods.

No, nobody enters characters while typing by picking radicals and where to place them. There are ways to look up an unfamiliar character that use radicals. There are also apps that let you try to draw something by hand, then attempt to figure out what you drew. But, again, that's for unfamiliar things, not typing up a story.

Computers were developed by English speakers and others with alphabets. Phonetic entry would probably be easiest anyway, but with the early infrastructure geared towards it, it's definitely easier.

There was an interesting phenomenon in Japanese (I'm not sure about Chinese) where The Youth™ were using fewer and fewer complex or less common kanji in... I want to say the 80s or 90s. The usual suspects moaned about the death of literacy...

Then cell phone/computer typing came along. If you knew the word, you didn't have to remember every single detail of how to write it. And people responded by using hella kanji all over the place, including lots of much rarer characters that a person would often recognize on sight but not remember perfectly enough to write by hand with confidence.

English spelling is tricky, but just learning 26 letters and then using them in a way that makes sense to a native speaker of [whatever] isn't. People are going to know pinyin. It's not a hardship to use it.

[wheelie-sick]

I wanted to make a very blunt post about hearing people using sign languages for speech loss episodes because I think a lot of people really need to hear this.

..... I really do not know what you guys are expecting to get out of sign language as an alternative to speech

let's start with some facts:

sign languages are their own distinct and separate languages from spoken language. ASL is not English with your hands, ISL is not Irish with your hands, and so on and so forth.

sign languages have their own unique vocabularies, grammar, and syntax

learning a sign language is exactly as hard as learning a spoken language. the idea that learning a sign language is easier is a myth. it is a second language and will be as difficult to learn as every other second language

sign languages rely on a complex system of facial expressions for grammatical reasons. facial expressions are not optional. [PT: facial expressions are not optional.] you will not be understood without facial expressions

from my understanding the majority of people who experience speech loss episodes lose their ability to speak because they are overwhelmed, overstimulated, upset, tired, or otherwise in a state that's upsetting or overwhelming. from my understanding, the majority of people who experience speech loss episodes are losing their ability to use language, they are not losing their ability to use their mouth.

if you are not losing speech in a way that exclusively affects your mouth then a sign language will not help you. full stop.

[PT: if you are not losing speech in a way that exclusively affects your mouth then a sign language will not help you. full stop.]

as I mentioned above a sign language is a second language for you* unless you have grown up signing you will be stuck translating your thoughts into a second language. if you're struggling to use language you will only struggle more to use a second language. it's like if you were monolingual English speaker and you lost speech and decided the solution would be to try speaking Spanish instead.

*okay, there are hearing people who learned sign as a first language**, but that is not the majority of you

**baby sign is not sign as a first language

I also feel like a lot of people seem to forget the experiences of Deaf autistic people when they're trying to figure out using sign language as an alternative to speech during speech loss episodes. Deaf people lose speech too. [PT: Deaf people lose speech too.] as it turns out the complexities of sign language can become too overwhelming and difficult when we are overwhelmed too, and sign language is often our native and/or primary language. if you are not someone using a sign language as your native and/or primary language then what makes you think you'll be able to communicate with it during a speech loss episode better than us?

you are going to find it very difficult to communicate in a second language when you're losing speech.

now for those of you whose speech loss episodes exclusively affect their mouth:

you are treading in dangerous waters. let's start with: sign languages are not AAC. Deaf people, who ultimately control the sign languages and were the people to create them, do not have a communication disorder. we are speakers of a non-dominant language. sign languages are more than just a communication tool for us, they are also endangered languages and cultural languages. they should be treated with respect in regards to those facts. if you treat sign languages as AAC (which therefore treats them as tools for your use as a hearing person) or outright call them AAC you are disrespecting the language and its cultural significance. if you would not call English "AAC for Americans" do not call sign languages AAC.

if you decide to use sign language to assist you during speech loss you should also be using your knowledge of sign language to protect and preserve this language. hearing people can be part of the Deaf world if they sign. you shouldn't shy away from communicating with Deaf people.

If you decide to use sign language to assist you during speech loss you have to [PT: have to] understand the culture behind the language and treat the language with respect to that culture. Deaf culture is a closed, minority culture. it is not free to take from and use as you please. us allowing you to use sign language is a gift, it is not something to take for granted. if you view sign languages as a tool for your use as a hearing person you are stealing.

but back to practicality, I'd encourage you to use AAC over a sign language. you don't tread the same dangerous waters by using AAC and it will also allow you to be understood by more people. most people do not know any sign language, and most people who do know sign language are unwilling to use it.

if you want to commit to learning a second language in its entirety and want to commit to doing so with respect I will not stop you but you should consider whether your motivations are yourself or whether your motivations align with and protect the Deaf community. your motivations should not be selfish.

[ID 1: a userbox saying "this user is deaf"

ID 2: a userbox saying "this user has autism"

ID 3: a userbox saying "this user communicates via sign language]

[neine]

The Polish language and the return of the old Polish they/them.

Gendered languages, such as Polish, present unique challenges when it comes to implementing gender-neutral pronouns like "they/them". The Polish language, has a complex system of grammatical gender, with different forms of adjectives, nouns, and pronouns depending on whether the noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter. This can make it difficult to introduce new gender-neutral pronouns, as they would need to fit into this system and be accepted by native speakers. Additionally, there may be resistance from some quarters to changing the traditional grammar rules, as many Poles are proud of their "traditions".

In recent years however, nonbinary people looking for a way to refer to themselves in Polish language, with little to no success. It was also a huge problem for translators of popular English works and shows that already presented quite a few of nonbinary characters. Most of the time the translations ended up referring to the openly nonbinary characters with "she" or "he". As a example Jim Jimenez from Our Flag Means Death, (played by Vico Ortiz who is also nonbinary) is straight up misgendered by official translation.

The English pronouns "they" and "them" have been increasingly used as gender-neutral pronouns in recent years, particularly by nonbinary and gender-nonconforming individuals who do not identify as exclusively male or female. When translated into Polish, these pronouns are commonly rendered as "ono" and "ich". It is interesting to note that the Polish word "ich" actually shares some similarity with the English word "their", which is a possessive pronoun used to indicate ownership. The irony is that the Polish word for "their" is gendered and cannot be used as a gender-neutral pronoun, whereas "ich" is often used to refer to a group of people rather than a single individual. Despite this linguistic limitation, many nonbinary and gender-nonconforming individuals in Poland continue to use "ono" and "ich" as gender-neutral pronouns.

Polish nonbinary people until recently used she/he in spoken form and added "x" (graphic pronouns) in the place where the gender...nation(?) in the word accrued, in written form. For a lot of people it was just uncomfortable. It often made sentences harder to read and unnatural since the letter "x" doesn't exist in Polish, and most people just put "e" (implying masculine) or "a" (implying feminine) in the blanks automatically, because it was easier to read it that way.

Some people use "it" - "to", which is neuter, however polish neuter is often taken as something offensive when applied to a person. "To", implies it's a thing, so of course a lot of nonbinary people felt understandably dehumanized by using that pronoun.

When Polish nonbinary folks were figuring out what pronouns feel most natural to them and fit the language, they were met with a huge amount of harassment. "These pronouns are made up", "You're a thing not a person now.", "These are not correct" and so on and so on

To check the checkboxes on the "stupid conservative twitter trolls cannot harass me because of my pronouns" list, the nonbinary pronouns had to: sound right, be used before in polish language and be intuitive, so there came the pronouns "ono/jeno".

The pronouns "ono" and "jeno" were also used as third-person singular personal pronouns when referring to people, particularly those whose gender was not specified or who were of non-binary gender. For example, "Ono przyszło" could mean "They came" or "It came" depending on the context. Similarly, "Jeno ktoś tam stał" could mean "Only someone stood there". In the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of "ono" and "jeno" to refer to people fell out of favor, and other pronouns, such as "on" (he) and "ona" (she), were used instead. This shift was partly due to the influence of other languages, such as French and German, which have gendered pronouns. However, the historical use of "ono" and "jeno" as third-person singular personal pronouns for people demonstrates a more inclusive view of gender in the Polish language, which is relevant today as more people identify as non-binary or gender-nonconforming.

The fact that "ono" and "jeno" have been used in Polish language in the past has helped to give them greater legitimacy and credibility among nonbinary individuals and allies who are advocating for the use of gender-neutral pronouns. Because these pronouns are not "made up" and have a history of use in the Polish language, they are more difficult for critics to dismiss as illegitimate or frivolous.

Furthermore, the fact that "ono" and "jeno" sound correct and are intuitive within the context of the Polish language has also helped to promote their widespread adoption. While these pronouns may have a somewhat archaic or rural feel to them, they nevertheless fit seamlessly into the broader grammatical structure of the Polish language, making them a natural choice for nonbinary individuals who are seeking to express their gender identity.

Despite the growing acceptance of gender-neutral language in Poland and the adoption of pronouns like "ono" and "jeno," nonbinary individuals still face significant harassment and discrimination from conservative groups and individuals who refuse to recognize the legitimacy of nonbinary identities. However, much of this harassment can be dismissed as ignorant or uninformed and/or refusing to do any research to protect their world view, as even one of the most popular polish carols uses "ono" to refer to baby Jesus, as "ono" was often used to refer to children.

In 2023 on the bookshelves you can find correctly translated works written from the eyes of a nonbinary character using the pronouns "ono" and "jeno" and I wholeheartedly hope that this trend continues. The use of gender-neutral pronouns is an important step towards creating a more inclusive and diverse society, and it is essential that literature reflects this. By using pronouns such as "ono" and "jeno" to refer to nonbinary characters, authors can help to normalize these pronouns and increase awareness and understanding of nonbinary identities. In addition, correctly translating these works into other languages can help to promote the use of gender-neutral pronouns in those languages as well. Overall, the use of "ono" and "jeno" in literature can help to promote greater acceptance and inclusivity of nonbinary and gender-nonconforming individuals in society.

Gendered languages have a great struggle on finding their own "they/them", however I wouldn't say Polish is one of them as ironic that may sound, as Poland is taken as a very conservative.

And that concludes my short information dump that I decided to write after seeing a video about gendered languages.

Zaimki.pl

[notgrungybitchin]

Twenty Questions for Fic Writers

Thank you for the tag @theoldmixer !!!

How many works do you have on ao3? 10

What's your total ao3 word count? 26,197

What fandoms do you write for?

Currently only The Beatles. In the past Boardwalk Empire. I also wrote some Good Omens fic that I never published way back in 2011

What are your top 5 fics by kudos?

The Great and Powerful (Boardwalk Empire, Charlie/Meyer)

I Don't Care Too Much (The Beatles, John/Paul)

Was I So Unwise (The Beatles, John/Paul)

A Cup of Kindness (Boardwalk Empire, Margaret/Arnold)

All The Odds Are In My Favor (Boardwalk Empire, Margaret/Arnold)

Do you respond to comments? Why or why not?

Yes! There might be a few times I forget to, especially on old fics, but I always try to. They genuinely make my day and keep me motivated, so I want to say thank you!

What is a fic you wrote with the angstiest ending?

Probably I'm No Good at Aiming (Boardwalk Empire, Benny/Meyer) I was a lot more committed to pure angst writing in Boardwalk fandom because the show was so dark. Now that I'm into rpf I still love angst, but I always try to give them a happy ending. (I realize that my Boardwalk fic was also partly gangster rpf, but I guess I wasn't as attached to happy endings because gangsters? Or maybe I've just gone soft.)

What's the fic you wrote with the happiest ending?

Probably I Don't Care Too Much. It's a very sweet and hopeful ending.

Do you get hate on fics?

I haven't yet thankfully. Although when I get a comment from that one troll that pops up on Mclennon fic every so often, I'll know I've made it!

Do you write smut?

I didn't until I got into The Beatles and J/P! I used to be a little uncomfortable writing it, and usually just had a steamy makeout session or fade to black. But something about those two idiots just gave me the bug and now I plan on including smut in all my fic.

Do you write crossovers? What's the craziest one you've written?

I never did, though I had an idea for an overly complex Star Wars/Boardwalk Empire AU back in the day.

Have you ever had a fic stolen?

Not that I know of.

Have you ever had a fic translated?

I don't think so.

Have you ever co-written a fic before?

No but I think it would be fun!

What's your all-time favorite ship?

John Lennon/Paul McCartney. It's infected my brain and taken over my soul. And it's the only thing to get me back into writing after years AND to get me writing smut.

What's a wip you want to finish, but doubt you ever will?

I have some fun Good Omens ficlets that I never published because they are just dialogue. I just doubt I'll ever get around to them again.

What are your writing strengths?

I always find it way easier to write dialogue than anything else. Sometimes my very early drafts just look like scripts with no description added yet.

What are your writing weaknesses?

I think it comes out okay, and I've gotten better at it, but I find writing descriptions and internal monologues difficult. I often get frustrated trying to get my characters from points A to B. I always get bored writing anything but action and dialogue. I used to think I would like to be a screenwriter for this reason.

Thoughts on writing dialogue in another language for a fic?

I wrote some lines in Yiddish for Boardwalk Empire fic, but I always ran them by my Yiddish-speaking friend to make sure they made sense. I also had a few French lines in I Don't Care Too Much, but they were mostly spoken by non-French speaking characters so I worried less about them. I don't think I'd try writing more than a few lines without a native speaker's input though.

First fandom you wrote for?

Good Omens! I wrote some fluffy Aziraphale/Crowly ficlets but I never published them.

Favorite fic you've written?

I think probably Was I So Unwise. It holds a special place in my heart as my first fic in eight years. It's for last year's Beatles Secret Santa, which I associate with the first time I really joined the community of the Beatles fandom, and it's hurt/comfort, one of my favorite subgenres!

I'll tag @aquarianshift, @goatsandgangsters, @meyerlansky, and @muzaktomyears if you want to!

[proaccuracy14]

Top Benefits of Professional Academic Editing for Research Papers

Academic writing can be a daunting task for many researchers. Whether you're writing a dissertation, journal article, thesis, or any other research paper, the process involves much more than just presenting data or ideas. It's about presenting those ideas clearly, concisely, and professionally to ensure they are well understood and respected within the academic community. One of the most significant steps in this process is academic editing. Professional academic editing service provide a variety of benefits that can greatly enhance the quality of your research paper. Below, we will explore the top benefits of professional academic editing for research papers.

1. Improved Clarity and Readability

One of the most important aspects of academic writing is clarity. A research paper can be packed with groundbreaking ideas and valuable information, but if it's not presented in a clear and readable manner, it will not have the desired impact. Professional academic editors are trained to enhance the clarity of your writing. They can help:

Simplify complex sentences: Academic writing often contains long, complicated sentences that can be difficult for readers to understand. An editor can restructure sentences to ensure that your ideas are conveyed more clearly.

Improve flow and organization: An editor will ensure that the paper flows logically from one section to the next, making it easier for readers to follow your arguments.

Eliminate ambiguity: Sometimes, academic writing can be vague or unclear in certain sections. A professional editor will ensure that your points are sharp and unambiguous.

The result is a research paper that is easy to read and understand, even for individuals who may not be experts in the specific field of study.

2. Grammar and Syntax Corrections

Even the most skilled writers can make grammatical errors or struggle with proper syntax. These mistakes can significantly diminish the quality of an academic paper, especially when they detract from the seriousness of the research. Professional editors are skilled in spotting grammatical issues, including:

Punctuation errors: Comma splices, misuse of semicolons, and improper use of quotation marks can disrupt the flow of the paper.

Subject-verb agreement: Ensuring consistency in number and person is crucial for a professional tone.

Word choice: The editor will suggest more precise or formal words that align with academic writing norms.

Sentence structure: Editors correct sentence fragments and run-on sentences, improving overall readability.

By addressing these common issues, academic editors help ensure that your paper adheres to the highest grammatical standards, contributing to its professionalism.

3. Enhanced Academic Tone and Style

Academic writing requires a specific tone—formal, objective, and concise. However, maintaining this tone can be challenging, particularly for non-native English speakers or those unfamiliar with academic writing conventions. Editors are skilled at:

Maintaining formal tone: They ensure that your language remains professional, avoiding casual phrases or overly complex language.

Aligning with the style guide: Editors are familiar with various academic style guides, including APA, MLA, Chicago, and more. They will ensure that your paper adheres to the relevant style guide, maintaining consistency in formatting, referencing, and citations.

Strengthening the argument: Editors focus on the logical structure of your argument, ensuring that each section of the paper builds on the previous one.

Avoiding redundancy: Academic writing should be concise. Editors will remove repetitive phrases and ensure that each word serves a purpose.

The result is a research paper that not only meets academic standards but also communicates your research findings in the most effective way.

4. Proper Citation and Reference Formatting

One of the most crucial aspects of academic writing is the correct citation of sources. Failing to properly cite references can lead to accusations of plagiarism, and errors in referencing can detract from the credibility of your research. Editors are experts in citation styles and can:

Ensure proper citation: Whether you are using in-text citations or footnotes, editors ensure that all sources are appropriately cited according to the required style guide (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).

Check for consistency: Often, writers may apply citation rules inconsistently throughout the paper. Editors can catch these inconsistencies and ensure that all citations and references are uniformly formatted.

Verify references: A professional editor will double-check your references to ensure they are accurate, up to date, and correctly listed in the bibliography or reference section.

By correcting citation errors and ensuring consistency, an editor can help you avoid common pitfalls in academic writing and safeguard your paper’s credibility.

5. Increased Chances of Publication Acceptance

If your research paper is intended for publication in a peer-reviewed journal, the quality of writing plays a crucial role in whether your paper is accepted or rejected. Journals often have strict guidelines, not only regarding the content of the paper but also its presentation. A well-written and professionally edited paper is much more likely to be accepted for publication because:

Professional presentation: A paper that is polished and free from grammatical errors reflects well on the author’s professionalism and attention to detail.

Improved chances of peer review success: Peer reviewers are more likely to recommend acceptance of a paper that is clearly written, logically structured, and easy to understand.

Adherence to journal guidelines: Editors are familiar with the specific formatting and submission requirements of academic journals. They ensure that your paper complies with these guidelines, increasing the likelihood of acceptance.

Ultimately, academic editing enhances the quality of your paper, making it more likely to meet the expectations of journals and editors.

6. Time-Saving

Writing and editing a research paper can be incredibly time-consuming. Many researchers, especially those working on tight deadlines, find it difficult to give their paper the attention it deserves. Professional editing services can help save valuable time by:

Taking the burden off your shoulders: With the assistance of a professional editor, you can focus on your research, leaving the language and formatting concerns to the expert.

Quick turnaround times: Professional editing services often offer fast turnaround times, allowing you to submit your paper without missing deadlines.

Streamlining revisions: Editors can streamline the revision process, ensuring that the paper is polished and ready for submission without unnecessary back-and-forth.

This time-saving benefit is especially crucial for researchers balancing multiple responsibilities or those working under tight deadlines.

7. Objective and Fresh Perspective

As the author of the paper, you are often too close to the material to see minor issues or gaps in logic. Professional editors offer an objective and fresh perspective on your work. They can:

Identify unclear sections: Editors can identify sections that may be confusing or unclear, even if they seem clear to the author.

Provide constructive feedback: Editors offer feedback on improving the argument or structure, helping you strengthen your paper before submission.

Catch overlooked errors: After working on a paper for weeks or months, it's easy to overlook small mistakes or inconsistencies. An editor brings a fresh set of eyes to spot these issues.

By providing objective feedback and a fresh perspective, editors help improve your research paper in ways you might not have thought of on your own.

[maiega]

A Practical Guide to Learning Arabic on Your Own

Learning a new language can be a rewarding and fulfilling experience, and Arabic is no exception. It’s a language with a rich history, beautiful script, and diverse dialects. If you've ever wondered, "how can I learn Arabic by myself?", you’re not alone. Many people want to dive into the world of Arabic but feel unsure about how to start without formal classes. The good news is that with the right approach and resources, you can successfully teach yourself Arabic.

Start with the Basics: The Alphabet and Sounds

The first step to learning Arabic is to get familiar with its script. The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters, written from right to left, and each letter can take on different forms depending on its position in a word. This might seem a bit intimidating at first, but breaking down the alphabet into small chunks can make it easier to digest. Spend time listening to the pronunciation of each letter to get a feel for the sounds.

For this, you can use online tutorials, YouTube videos, or websites like Kalimah Center, which offers helpful guides for beginners. Their resources are designed to make learning the alphabet and basic pronunciation more approachable, even if you’re starting from scratch.

Build Vocabulary and Practice Daily

Once you're comfortable with the alphabet, the next step is to start building your vocabulary. Focus on everyday words and phrases that you can use in simple conversations. Think of words related to greetings, family, food, and daily activities. Flashcards are a useful tool for memorizing new words. You can make your own or use digital flashcard apps like Anki.

Another tip is to immerse yourself in Arabic as much as possible. Listen to Arabic songs, watch TV shows or YouTube videos, and try reading children's books or simple news articles. This helps you get used to the rhythm and structure of the language.

Use Online Platforms for Structured Learning

If you’re looking for more structured guidance, online courses can be incredibly helpful. For those asking, "how can I learn Arabic by myself?", websites like Kalimah Center provide a range of online courses tailored to different proficiency levels, from complete beginners to advanced learners. They offer lessons that focus on different aspects of the language, such as grammar, reading, and conversation skills, which can provide a more guided learning experience without needing to attend an in-person class.

Practice Speaking, Even If It’s Just to Yourself

Speaking is often one of the most challenging parts of learning Arabic, especially if you don’t have native speakers around you. But don’t let that discourage you. Try speaking out loud to yourself, narrating your day in Arabic, or even using language exchange apps to connect with native speakers. This helps you get over the initial shyness and build confidence in your speaking ability.

Recording yourself speaking can also be a good way to track your progress. Listen back to your recordings over time and notice how much you’ve improved. It’s a great way to stay motivated and see that your efforts are paying off.

Focus on Grammar Gradually

Arabic grammar can be complex, but you don’t have to master it all at once. Start with simple sentence structures and gradually introduce more rules as you progress. For instance, learning how to form basic sentences and how verbs change with different pronouns can go a long way in helping you communicate effectively.

The Kalimah Center offers resources and courses that make understanding grammar more accessible, breaking down tricky concepts into easy-to-follow lessons. This can help you avoid feeling overwhelmed and make steady progress.

Stay Consistent and Patient

Learning Arabic, like any language, takes time and consistency. Make a study schedule that fits into your daily routine, even if it’s just 20 minutes a day. Set small, achievable goals to keep yourself motivated, such as learning ten new words a week or finishing a chapter in your textbook.

Remember, it’s okay to make mistakes. The important thing is to keep practicing and not give up. With time, you’ll find that the words come more naturally, and reading and listening become easier.

Final Thoughts

If you're wondering, "how can I learn Arabic by myself?", the answer lies in being proactive and patient with your learning journey. By starting with the basics, using helpful resources like Kalimah Center, and consistently practicing, you can make significant progress. While the path may have its challenges, the satisfaction of being able to read, write, and speak in Arabic is well worth the effort. Happy learning!

[maigamal]

Simple Steps for Kids to Learn Arabic

Teaching Arabic to children can feel like an exciting journey with many rewards. Introducing kids to this beautiful language early on helps them connect with rich cultures, improve cognitive skills, and communicate more widely. Arabic may seem complex, but with the right approach, it can be an enjoyable experience for kids. Here, we’ll go over helpful tips on how to learn Arabic for kids, making the process both engaging and effective.

1. Make Learning Fun with Games and Interactive Activities

Children learn best when they’re having fun. Incorporating games, songs, and interactive activities into Arabic lessons helps them stay engaged and motivated. For example, you can use flashcards to teach the Arabic alphabet and basic words, or turn learning into a memory game where they match words with pictures. Apps designed for kids, like educational games that cover Arabic vocabulary and phrases, are also great for reinforcing what they’ve learned in a fun way.

When kids enjoy their lessons, they’re more likely to stick with them, making progress almost without realizing it.

2. Storytime in Arabic

Storytelling is a classic way to help kids learn a new language, and it works wonders for Arabic, too. Reading simple Arabic stories to kids introduces them to vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation. Look for storybooks designed for young learners, with large fonts and illustrations. Picture books make it easier for kids to understand the story, even if they’re just starting to learn the language.

To take things a step further, you can use audiobooks in Arabic or online story videos with subtitles. Listening to native Arabic speakers tell stories helps kids get used to the sounds of the language.

3. Regular Exposure to Spoken Arabic

Kids pick up languages quickly through exposure, so try to incorporate Arabic into their daily lives. Listen to Arabic music, watch cartoons, or even play some YouTube videos that teach basic Arabic phrases. Hearing the language frequently helps kids learn natural pronunciation and pick up on how sentences flow.

If you have friends or family who speak Arabic, let your child practice speaking with them. Kids often enjoy using new words in real conversations, and casual practice helps them become more comfortable with the language.

4. Try Learning Arabic with an Online Program

An online program can be an excellent tool for kids to learn Arabic. Platforms like Shaykhi.com offer structured lessons designed to help children learn Arabic, especially if they’re also interested in understanding Quranic Arabic. Shaykhi.com tailors lessons for young learners, using simple, easy-to-follow lessons and fun activities to keep kids motivated. Teachers on the platform guide kids with patience and skill, helping them understand not only the language but also the cultural and spiritual importance of Arabic.

By learning Arabic online, kids can enjoy the flexibility of studying at their own pace and in the comfort of home. The interactive lessons on Shaykhi.com are crafted to help children build a solid foundation in both conversational and Quranic Arabic.

5. Practice Writing in Arabic

Arabic writing may look different from what most kids are used to, but with a little practice, they’ll catch on quickly. Start by introducing them to the Arabic alphabet in a way that feels easy and approachable. A fun way to practice is by using sand, playdough, or whiteboards where kids can trace letters.

Once they’re comfortable with individual letters, encourage them to form basic words. Practicing writing helps solidify their understanding of the alphabet and allows them to see how letters change shape depending on their position in a word.

6. Use Arabic Songs and Rhymes

Music is a wonderful tool for language learning. Simple Arabic songs and rhymes introduce kids to everyday words and phrases in a way that’s easy to remember. You might even find that kids start singing along before they know what the words mean, which is a natural part of the learning process. Arabic nursery rhymes, counting songs, and alphabet songs are fun ways for kids to pick up vocabulary and pronunciation.

7. Learning Quranic Arabic

For families who want their children to learn Arabic to understand the Quran, finding the right resources is key. Teaching kids Quranic Arabic requires a gentle, patient approach, as they learn both the language and its deeper meanings. Websites like Shaykhi.com offer dedicated Quran learning programs for kids, where they can learn to read, recite, and understand Quranic verses.

Shaykhi.com focuses on teaching the basics of Quranic Arabic, helping children understand both the vocabulary and structure found in the Quran. Qualified teachers provide kids with the guidance they need to develop a meaningful relationship with the Quran, making learning both educational and spiritually fulfilling.

8. Consistency is Key

When it comes to learning any language, consistency is one of the most important factors. Try to set aside a little time each day for your child to practice Arabic, even if it’s just 10–15 minutes. It’s better to practice a little each day than to have long sessions only once a week. Regular practice keeps new words and concepts fresh in their minds and builds confidence over time.

9. Create a Supportive Learning Environment

Learning Arabic, especially as a second language, takes time and patience. Celebrate every small victory with your child—whether it’s mastering a new letter, saying a full sentence, or reading a short paragraph in Arabic. Positive reinforcement keeps kids motivated and helps them develop a positive attitude toward learning the language.

Consider setting up a learning corner at home with Arabic books, flashcards, or posters. This gives kids a special space for their Arabic lessons and helps remind them to practice regularly.

Final Thoughts

Teaching kids Arabic can be a rewarding experience that opens doors to new cultures, traditions, and ways of thinking. With engaging activities, consistent practice, and supportive resources like Shaykhi.com, learning Arabic can become an enjoyable adventure for kids. By integrating Arabic into your child’s daily routine, encouraging interaction, and keeping the experience lighthearted, they can make meaningful progress in understanding and speaking Arabic confidently.

[manajareeacademy]

How long does it take to learn Korean?

Embarking on a journey to Learn Korean language can be an incredibly rewarding experience. It not only grants you access to a vibrant culture but also opens doors to exciting opportunities. In this article, we'll delve into the question that often lingers for aspiring Korean learners: "How long does it take to become fluent in Korean?" We'll also introduce you to Manjaree Academy, a valuable resource on your language-learning journey.

Is Korean Hard to Learn?

Korean is frequently associated with the complexity of East-Asian languages like Chinese and Japanese. However, it distinguishes itself by being notably easier to grasp. Unlike Chinese, Korean isn't a tonal language, meaning your pronunciation isn't tied to complex intonation patterns.

The Korean writing system, Hangul, might initially appear intricate, but it's designed for simplicity and can be mastered in as little as 20 minutes, making it an excellent foundation for pronunciation.

FSI Estimates for Reaching Korean Fluency

The United States Foreign Service Institute (FSI) categorizes Korean as a Category V language, one of the more challenging languages to learn. FSI estimates that achieving fluency in Korean would require approximately 2200 hours of study or an intensive commitment of 88 weeks. However, these estimates don't consider individual factors such as personal motivation, study methods, or your unique learning style.

How Different Is Korean From English?

For native English speakers, Korean represents a substantial departure from their mother tongue. However, this distinctiveness can be advantageous. The key to language acquisition often lies in comprehensible input, which involves considering context and progressively increasing the difficulty of your learning materials. This approach applies effectively to Korean.

The Role of Previous Language Learning Experience

If you've already learned another language, your experience can be a valuable asset in your Korean language journey. The strategies and techniques you've acquired can be applied to expedite your progress. Nevertheless, if your previous language is similar to Korean, exercise caution, as some confusion might arise.

How Are You Learning Korean?

Effective language learning encompasses four essential skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. While all these skills are important, prioritizing speaking is crucial for achieving fluency. Practical conversation skills are often the gateway to meaningful communication.

How Much Time Do You Have to Study Korean?

Regardless of a busy schedule, there are ways to incorporate Korean into your daily routines. Engaging in small activities such as listening to Korean podcasts or revisiting language lessons can accumulate over time and contribute significantly to your progress.

What’s Your Attitude and Motivation Toward Learning a Language?

Your motivation is a driving force in your language-learning journey. Whether you're studying Korean for language exams, travel, or personal interest, maintaining enthusiasm can substantially expedite your progress.

Can You Learn Korean in a Year?

Yes, it's absolutely possible to achieve proficiency in Korean within a year. However, the intensity of your study regimen can vary significantly. For instance, dedicating six hours a day for a year can yield remarkable results, while committing just one hour daily can lead to fluency in approximately 6.5 years. The key lies in adopting the right techniques and strategies to maximize your learning speed.

How to Learn Korean Faster with Manjaree Academy

For an efficient Korean language-learning journey, consider enrolling in Manjaree Academy, a trusted resource for language enthusiasts. Manjaree Academy offers a comprehensive curriculum and personalized learning experiences that cater to your specific needs and goals. With a team of experienced instructors, state-of-the-art learning materials, and a supportive community of learners, you can accelerate your path to Korean fluency.

Start Learning Korean Today with Manjaree Academy!

Embarking on your Korean language journey is an exciting endeavor. With the right resources, dedication, and support from institutions like Manjaree Academy, you can make remarkable progress and unlock the doors to Learn Korean language. Begin your journey today and discover the richness of the Korean language and culture.

[upgradeinfotech]

Breaking Language Barriers: German Learning Made Easy Online

In our interconnected world, the ability to communicate in different languages is more important than ever. Among the myriad of languages spoken across the globe, German holds a special place. It's not just the native language of over 90 million people in Germany, but it's also widely spoken in Austria, Switzerland, and other European countries. Learning German can open doors to cultural enrichment, travel opportunities, and career advancements. And now, with the power of online learning provided by Upgrade Infotech, breaking down the language barriers and mastering German has become easier and more convenient than ever.

The Challenge of Learning German:

 German is known for its complex grammar, long compound words, and unique sentence structures. For English speakers or speakers of languages with Latin roots, learning German might seem like a daunting task. However, with the right approach, resources, and guidance, anyone can overcome these challenges and achieve proficiency in this rich and vibrant language.

The Power of Online Learning:

Online learning has revolutionized the way we acquire new skills and knowledge. Whether it's coding, cooking, or learning a new language, the internet has made it possible to access high-quality education from the comfort of our homes. When it comes to learning German, online platforms like Upgrade Infotech provide a comprehensive and effective way to grasp the intricacies of the language.

Flexibility and Convenience:

One of the major advantages of online German courses is the flexibility they offer. Traditional classroom settings might not fit into everyone's busy schedules. With online courses, learners can decide when and where to study. This convenience allows for a personalized learning experience, catering to individual preferences and learning styles.

Interactive Learning Experience:

Learning a language is not just about memorizing vocabulary and grammar rules; it's about immersion and practice. Online German courses often incorporate interactive elements that mimic real-life situations. Through virtual conversations, quizzes, and exercises, learners can practice their listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in a dynamic and engaging manner.

Personalized Progress Tracking:

Upgrade Infotech's online German courses usually come with advanced learning management systems that enable learners to track their progress. This personalized tracking helps learners identify their strengths and areas that need improvement. With this data-driven approach, learners can focus on the aspects of the language that require more attention, ensuring a more efficient learning journey.

Expert Guidance:

Learning a language is always better when you have an expert guiding you. Online German courses often provide access to qualified instructors who can provide insights, correct mistakes, and answer questions. This personalized guidance enhances the learning experience and ensures that learners receive accurate information.

Cultural Context:

Language and culture are intertwined. When you learn a new language, you also gain insights into the culture, traditions, and history of the people who speak it. Online German courses provided by Upgrade Infotech don't just focus on grammar and vocabulary; they also delve into the cultural nuances that make the language unique. This holistic approach not only improves language proficiency but also fosters cultural understanding.

Community and Networking:

Learning with others who share the same goal can be motivating and enjoyable. Online language courses often provide opportunities to interact with fellow learners from around the world. This sense of community creates a supportive environment where learners can practice with each other, exchange experiences, and celebrate their progress together.

Breaking the Fear Barrier:

Many people are hesitant to learn a new language because they fear making mistakes or sounding awkward. Online learning can help break down this fear barrier. In the comfort of your own space, you can practice speaking without the fear of judgment. As you build confidence, you'll find that your communication skills in German naturally improve.

Real-Life Applications:

The ultimate goal of learning a language is to be able to use it in real-life situations. Upgrade Infotech's online German courses often emphasize practical language skills that can be immediately applied. Whether you're traveling, working, or simply engaging with German-speaking friends, you'll find yourself equipped to navigate conversations and interactions with ease.

Conclusion:

Breaking language barriers and learning German has never been as accessible and convenient as it is today. With the power of online learning provided by Upgrade Infotech, individuals of all ages and backgrounds can embark on a journey of linguistic and cultural enrichment. The flexible nature of online courses, combined with interactive elements, expert guidance, and a focus on real-life applications, ensures that learners can master German effectively. So why wait? Start your German learning journey with Upgrade Infotech and unlock a world of opportunities, connections, and personal growth.

Original Sources: https://upgradeinfotech.blogspot.com/2023/09/breaking-language-barriers-german.html

[projectcubicle1]

Cross-Cultural E-Commerce: Navigating Diversity in WooCommerce Development

Cross-Cultural E-Commerce: Navigating Diversity in WooCommerce Development

Introduction

There is little question that e-commerce could be a growing industry. E-commerce sales are expected to surpass $5 trillion by 2021, and consumers are spending longer online every year. This growth has led to a rise in demand for cross-cultural e-commerce development. However, many businesses fail after they attempt to implement new strategies without taking into consideration the unique cultural differences that exist within their target markets. during this post we'll explore a number of the foremost important factors for developing an efficient cross-cultural e-commerce strategy so you'll succeed where others have failed before you!

Understanding Cross-Cultural E-Commerce

Cross-cultural e-commerce is a complex and nuanced topic. To understand how to navigate the cultural differences of your target audience, you first need to understand the culture of both yourself (and your team) and your customers. To sell successfully across cultures, it is important not only to grasp how those cultures differ but also why those differences exist within the first place. Let's take a glance at a number of these reasons: People have different needs based on where they live or grow up for example, if someone grew up with access to certain foods or types of clothing but then moved somewhere else where those items weren't available readily, that person might have different tastes than someone who grew up eating spicy food every day or wearing jeans all year round (unless he was raised in Arizona). Some people may be more open-minded than others; this could make them more likely to try new things from other countries like foreign cuisine or clothing styles if they've been exposed before through travel experiences with friends who did so regularly before moving abroad together after college graduation day!

Navigating Cultural Diversity in E-Commerce

In the context of e-commerce, cultural diversity means more than just language. It also encompasses the way people shop online and pay for goods. Understanding these differences is important because they can affect your ability to reach new customers or improve existing relationships with current ones. For example, if you know that someone from a certain country prefers paying in cash over credit cards, then it would be helpful to make this option available when they're checking out on your website or app (and vice versa).

Leveraging Technology for Adaptation

A good example of this is often the employment of technology. Technology will be wont to adapt to local cultures, understand your customers and their needs, and understand your competition and their strategies. One such tool is ReactJS (a JavaScript library) which allows developers to build reusable components that are easy to maintain. This makes it easier for you as a developer because you do not have to rewrite code again if it changes at all, which means less time spent updating things around your site or app every time someone makes an update!

Case Study: WooCommerce Development in Dubai

To illustrate, let's take a look at some of the most important considerations for WooCommerce development in Dubai. Language and Communication As we mentioned before, Arabic is spoken by over 300 million people around the world and is an official language in many countries, including Saudi Arabia and Egypt. However, there are significant differences between written Arabic (used in books) and spoken Arabic (spoken by native speakers). The former has been standardized since the 9th century while the latter varies widely depending on where you go; this makes it challenging for developers who aren't familiar with either variety to create websites that appeal to both audiences. Social Media Marketing Strategies Another challenge is social media marketing strategies because there are different expectations when it comes to advertising online and these expectations change depending on whether you're targeting Westerners or Arabs! For example: if you want your product featured in an Instagram post about healthy living products being sold online during Ramadan (a holy month), then promoting yourself through influencers may be necessary because some companies won't advertise during this time period due to religious reasons...

User Trust and Payment Systems

Trust is critical to e-commerce success. A user must feel confident that their information is safe and secure, and that their payment will be processed efficiently. Payment systems are a big part of this trust, but they can pose challenges for cross-cultural e-commerce. For example, some countries have different tax rates than others or have other regulations that must be taken into account when processing payments through WooCommerce or any other payment gateway. And this isn't just applicable to international sales it also applies if you're selling within your own country but targeting customers with different cultural backgrounds than yours! In order to mitigate these risks while maintaining trust among users from diverse countries and backgrounds (and ensuring compliance with local laws), it helps to start by choosing an appropriate payment gateway that offers support in multiple languages across multiple currencies (like Stripe).

Language and Communication

Language is a barrier to cross-cultural e-commerce. But it's not the only one. Language is often used as shorthand for communication, but it's important to remember that language is just one part of communication. And while some languages may be more difficult than others, there are many other factors at play in cross-cultural e-commerce than just the language barrier: culture, values and norms all play a role in how people communicate with each other around the world! This means knowing how these things differ from place to place can help us better understand our customers when we're designing sites or apps for them even if they don't share our native tongue!

Social Media and Marketing Strategies

Social media is a great way to reach new customers. You can use social media to market your product, engage with customers and even provide customer service. Social media also provides an opportunity for research and development, as well as feedback on how your product is performing in the marketplace. While this may seem like common sense advice, many businesses don't understand how valuable social media marketing can be when it comes to cross-cultural eCommerce. In fact, some companies believe that since their target audience isn't online yet (or doesn't spend much time on Facebook), they shouldn't invest their resources into building up an online presence until those demographics catch up with everyone else! But wait why would we want our potential customers?

Future Trends in Cross-Cultural E-Commerce

As you can see, cross-cultural e-commerce is a complex topic. But the future of this industry looks bright. In fact, here are some of the key trends that we expect to see in 2019 and beyond: Social media will continue to be an important channel for reaching consumers around the world with ads and influencer campaigns. Mobile commerce will continue its rapid growth as more people shop on their phones than ever before especially in developing markets where there are fewer computers or laptops available for purchase (or even electricity). E-commerce and the internet of things (IoT) will become increasingly intertwined; products like smart speakers are becoming more popular every day because they allow consumers easy access to information about products without having go online first! This means more sales opportunities across all types of channels including brick-and-mortar stores where people still prefer talking face-to-face with sales associates instead of buying things online just yet...but maybe someday soon? ;)

Conclusion

We hope this article has helped you understand the complexities of cross-cultural e-commerce and the strategies to navigate them. We also highlighted some of the most important global markets for WooCommerce development and how they differ from Western countries. The future is bright for WooCommerce, as more people around the world are adopting digital technologies in their daily lives. As a result, we can expect cross-cultural e-commerce to grow even more rapidly than before! Read the full article

[max1461]

In Japanese at least (and I think the same should go for other languages written with Han characters), new characters are basically never coined for new words. Each Han character represents a specific morpheme (or a small set of morphemes), and new jargon is generally invented by combining these morphemes together just as in English, so new words can just be written by combining the appropriate characters.

My understanding is that in Chinese the character-to-morpheme correspondence is almost a bijection, so it's perfectly easy to figure out how to pronounce a new word once you see it written, or write a new word once you know its structure. The morpheme-to-syllable correspondence is not remotely bijective (there are a lot of homophones), so just hearing a word is not enough to know how to write it. My impression is that usually context is enough to disambiguate, although I have heard that if someone is e.g. giving a talk where they use particularly obscure terminology, they might write out each technical term on the blackboard as they use it to distinguish it from potential homophones.

The Japanese writing system is a little more complex in this regard than the Chinese one, since the character-to-morpheme correspondence is not bijective either. In compound words, a character generally represents a borrowed Chinese morpheme. This works in basically the same that classical compound do in English—borrowed Chinese morphemes are strung together, often in ways that would not be licit in Chinese, to derive neologisms and other new terminology. The catch is that these morphemes might have been borrowed from multiple Chinese dialects over multiple periods, so individual characters are sometimes overloaded. Usually it's not too bad. There are a few of these possible "readings" for each character, and upon seeing a word written you can make a, uh, Bayesian guess as to what the readings are. You know, background frequency of each reading, plus your familiarity with related terminology (which might clue you in that a less common reading is being used), etc. All in all my impression I think the process is pretty similar to figuring out the pronunciation of an English neologism.

The other thing about Japanese is that Han characters are also used to represent native Japanese roots in addition to Chinese borrowings. This gives a whole separate class of readings to most common characters. But these are usually easier to determine, since they typically involve some kind of okurigana (phonetic kana representing grammatical stuff) following the character. The okurigana generally disambiguates the reading.

For example, here's the Japanese word for "algebraic topology":

代数的位相幾何学 (daisuuteki isoukikagaku)

All the readings of these characters are standard, and my guess would be that any fluent Japanese speaker could read this right upon seeing it for the first time, even if they didn't know what algebraic topology was.

Its morphological structure is also pretty bare: 「代数」 means "algebra", and is presumably a word most people will be familiar with from grade school. 「的」 is a suffix which derives adjectives; it is fairly analogous to the corresponding English "-ic". So 「代数的」 is pretty literally "algebraic". And 「位相幾何学」 means "topology". 「位相」 is a noun meaning "phase", I guess, among other things. The two characters composing it are perfectly common, but of course you'd never be able to guess this meaning unless you already knew it. And 「幾何学」 means geometry, again a word I would expect people to be familiar with. So I guess topology is "phase geometry". I don't know why it's called this. Anyway the point is that the whole word breaks down easily into chunks, and in addition to being able to pronounce it, I think most speakers could look at it and determine the morphological structure, even if they didn't know the meaning of the individual terms.

I should say though that there definitely are cases where people just put some characters together and assign a basically random reading to them, but I think this is generally considered sort of silly, an affectation of artists and so on. Like those people who apparently named their kid 「英雄」, which means "hero" and would normally be pronounced eiyuu, but they decided that actually the reading was hiro, like... the English word "hero". But also the Japanese name "Hiro". Which is normally spelled, well, various ways but not like that. Kind of clever, though this is basically the Japanese equivalent of naming your kid "Qathrynn".

so like in english if you make up a jargon word (which you basically need to in many fields) often people dont know how to pronounce it because they only read it and didnt hear it, presumably you dont have this problem in more phonetic writing systems, but how does it work with non phonetic writing systems? do they just like. put furigana (or the equivalent) next to it? or stick two words together and have it be pronounced like one word after the other? how would you even type it if it was a new character...

[myhoneststudyblr]

my masterpost | my studygram | ask me anything

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[transcript under the cut]

Other advice posts that may be of interest:

How To Study When You Really Don’t Want To

How To Do Uni Readings

Active Revision Tips

don't neglect any of the key skills

We all have our strengths and there will definitely be a skill that you find easier. It is really tempting to therefore do more of that skill because it is not as difficult or to only focus on your weaker skills. But you should try to develop all of them simultaneously because they will only enhance one another. Each of the skills will teach you vocab, structures and grammar that will be transferable.

read children's books

Reading is a great way to learn new vocabulary and challenge yourself. However, often in your enthusiasm in learning a language, you choose a book that is way too complex. In doing this, you’re not giving yourself the chance to develop good reading habits because if you are constantly stopping to look up new words you won't get into the flow of a native text. You also won’t be able to pick up words via context if most of the language is way above your head. Therefore, it is best to read children's books at first so you can develop your reading and language skills so that when you are at the level to begin reading books you actually want to read you can tackle them effectively and successfully.  

strive to understand grammar

Regardless of the language, grammar is always tricky for non-native speakers. Even in your own language, grammar is often difficult and needs to be practised. Because we know this when learning a language, we often fall into the trap of just doing exercises and drills to simply memorise grammar. But this is incredibly unhelpful because in normal situations and conversations you won't know when to use it. Therefore, try to understand WHY the grammar works that way and how it impacts a sentence and the words within it.

use different sources

Read articles and check dictionaries - this method improves your vocabulary and learn how a word is used in a sentence. Listen to the radio or watch TV shows - it's best to listen to dialogues than songs, unless you want to learn to sing because this will help you get used to the rhythm of the language and how it normally sounds. Talk to anyone in any possible opportunity even if you are worried about sounding weird because speaking to natives if one of the best ways to learn and you get to communicate with new people! Using visual elements is also one of the best methods to learn new words, as they cause associations in our head, making it easier to remember permanently, not just learn by rote.

don't try to understand everything

When you learn a foreign language, it’s needless and virtually impossible to remember ALL the words - even native speakers don’t use them all. As you become more equated with the language you will quickly learn the most frequently used words. Verbs are often very useful to learn because you can't have a proper sentence if you don't have a verb. Furthermore, while for nouns it is relatively easy to describe or use synonyms, if you don't have verbs, it often stops you in your tracks. So google the most common verbs in your target language and spend some time getting familiar with them. Also, practice techniques for dealing with words you don't know by trying to figure out the meaning from context or examining the word's prefix, roots and suffix for clues to the meaning.

don't just learn common phrases

If you take a look at all language learning books, you will find many similar stock phrases. However, do you really use those phrases in your real life? Not really. And just learning these phrases limits you because you are just parroting rather than understanding. Therefore, it is important to learn the basic building blocks of sentences - the kind of words you will actually use - so that you can start to have a conversation at the very early stage of your learning journey.

Learn the following:

Question words/structure

Basic tenses (past, present, future)

Numbers

Day and time

Frequently-used verbs

Pronouns 

try to use the language in your everyday life

Have imaginary conversations in your head using the vocabulary you are learning. Narrate your day. On the way to work or school, in the car, whenever! It'll get you used to using the language for real, and you'll get familiar with the syntax. It will also help you practice finding a way to reword things if you don't know the word and find out what words you want to use often so that you can look them up.

don't just learn the language 

When you learn a language, you also need to learn about the culture or you won't get very far. Language is rooted in culture and vice versa so you can't really learn one without the other. Take some time to get to know the culture, history and people of the country (or countries) that speak your target language. This is one of the great joys of language learning because it gives you a passport to another world of understanding.

[escapetoluna]

How to learn a language when you don’t know where to start:

General Plan:

Weeks 1 and 2: Purpose:

Learn the fundamentals sentence construction

Learn how to spell and count

Start building a phrase stockpile with basic greetings

The Alphabet

Numbers 1 - 100

Subject Pronouns

Common Greetings

Conjugate the Two Most Important Verbs: to be and to have

Basic Definite and Indefinite Articles

Weeks 3 and 4: Purpose:

Learn essential vocabulary for the day-to-day

Start conjugating regular verbs

Days of the Week and Months of the Year

How to tell the time

How to talk about the weather

Family Vocabulary

Present Tense Conjugations Verbs

Weeks 5 and 6: Purpose:

Warm up with the last of the day-to-day vocabulary

Add more complex types of sentences to your grammar

Colours

House vocabulary

How to ask questions

Present Tense Conjugations Verbs

Forming negatives

Weeks 7 and 8: Purpose:

Learn how to navigate basic situations in a region of your target language country

Finish memorising regular conjugation rules

Food Vocabulary and Ordering at Restaurants

Money and Shopping Phrases

Present Tense Conjugations Verbs

Weeks 9 and 10: Purpose:

Start constructing descriptive and more complex sentences

Adjectives

Reflective verbs

Places vocabulary

Weeks 11 and 12: Purpose:

Add more complex descriptions to your sentences with adverbs

Wrap up vocabulary essentials

Adverbs

Parts of the body and medical vocabulary

Tips for Learning a Foreign Language:

Learning Vocabulary:

What vocabulary should I be learning?

There are hundreds of thousands of words in every language, and the large majority of them won’t be immediately relevant to you when you’re starting out.Typically, the most frequent 3000 words make up 90% of the language that a native speaker uses on any given day. Instead try to learn the most useful words in a language, and then expand outwards from there according to your needs and interests.

Choose the words you want/need to learn.

Relate them to what you already know.

Review them until they’ve reached your long-term memory.

Record them so learning is never lost.

Use them in meaningful human conversation and communication.

How should I record the vocabulary?

Learners need to see and/or hear a new word of phrase 6 to 17 times before they really know a piece of vocabulary.

Keep a careful record of new vocabulary.

Record the vocabulary in a way that is helpful to you and will ensure that you will practice the vocabulary, e.g. flashcards.

Vocabulary should be organised so that words are easier to find, e.g. alphabetically or according to topic.

Ideally when noting vocabulary you should write down not only the meaning, but the grammatical class, and example in a sentence, and where needed information about structure.

How should I practice using the vocabulary?

Look, Say, Cover, Write and Check - Use this method for learning and remembering vocabulary. This method is really good for learning spellings.

Make flashcards. Write the vocabulary on the front with the definition and examples on the back.

Draw mind maps or make visual representations of the new vocabulary groups.

Stick labels or post it notes on corresponding objects, e.g when learning kitchen vocabulary you could label items in your house.

How often should I be practising vocabulary?

A valuable technique is ‘the principle of expanding rehearsal’. This means reviewing vocabulary shortly after first learning them then at increasingly longer intervals.

Ideally, words should be reviewed:

5-10 minutes later

24 hours later

One week later

1-2 months later

6 months later

Knowing a vocabulary item well enough to use it productively means knowing:

Its written and spoken forms (spelling and pronunciation).

Its grammatical category and other grammatical information

Related words and word families, e.g. adjective, adverb, verb, noun.

Common collocations (Words that often come before or after it).

Receptive Skills: Listening and Reading

Reading is probably one of the most effective ways of building vocabulary knowledge.

Listening is also important because it occupies a big chunk of the time we spend communicating.

Tips for reading in a foreign language:

Start basic and small.  Children’s books are great practice for beginners. Don’t try to dive into a novel or newspaper too early, since it can be discouraging and time consuming if you have to look up every other word.

Read things you’ve already read in your native language. The fact that you at least know the gist of the story will help you to pick up context clues, learn new vocabulary and grammatical constructions.

Read books with their accompanying audio books. Reading a book while listening to the accompanying audio will improve your “ear training”. It will also help you to learn the pronunciation of words.

Tips for listening in a foreign language:

Watch films in your target language.

Read a book while also listening along to the audio book version.

Listen to the radio in your target language.

Watch videos online in your target language.

Activities to do to show that you’ve understood what you’ve been listening to:

Try drawing a picture of what was said.

Ask yourself some questions about it and try to answer them.

Provide a summary of what was said.

Suggest what might come next in the “story.”

Translate what was said into another language.

“Talk back” to the speaker to engage in imaginary conversation.

Productive Skills: Speaking and Writing

Tips for speaking in a foreign language:

If you can, try to speak the language every day either out loud to yourself or chat to another native speaker whether it is a colleague, a friend, a tutor or a language exchange partner. 

Write a list of topics and think about what you could say about each one. First you could write out your thoughts and then read them out loud. Look up the words you don’t know. You could also come up with questions at the end to ask someone else.

A really good way to improve your own speaking is to listen to how native speakers talk and imitate their accent, their rhythm of speech and tone of voice. Watch how their lips move and pay attention to the stressed sounds. You could watch interviews on YouTube or online news websites and pause every so often to copy what you have just heard. You could even sing along to songs sung in the target language.

Walk around the house and describe what you say. Say what you like or dislike about the room or the furniture or the decor. Talk about what you want to change.This gets you to practise every day vocabulary.

Tips for writing in a foreign language:

Practice writing in your target language. Keep it simple to start with. Beginner vocabulary and grammar concepts are generally very descriptive and concrete.

Practice writing by hand. Here are some things you can write out by hand:

Diary entries

Shopping lists

Reminders

What could I write about?

Write about your day, an interesting event, how you're feeling, or what you're thinking.

Make up a conversation between two people. 

Write a letter to a friend, yourself, or a celebrity. You don't need to send it; just writing it will be helpful.

Translate a text you've written in your native language into your foreign language.

Write a review or a book you've recently read or a film you've recently watched.

Write Facebook statuses, Tweets or Tumblr posts (whether you post them or not will be up to you).

Write a short story or poem.

Writing is one of the hardest things to do well as a non-native speaker of a language, because there’s no room to hide. 

There are lots of ways to improve your writing ability, but they can be essentially boiled down to three key components:

Read a lot

Write a lot

Get your writing corrected

[gemsofgreece]

I studied ancient Greek in high school (more than ten years ago, so I forgot most of it) and learning something about modern Greek phonetics was inevitable. I found fascinating how the same letter evolved to be pronounced differently (like the β passing from being a "B" sound to a "V" - I think, forgive me if I'm mistaken) Do you maybe have a source to how the phonetic changed?

There are so many different takes on the sounds alone that I find it kind of risky to link an “evolution” theory and too hard to find one that seems entirely legit to me. I can however give you a very rough summary that is generally accepted.

The Ancient Greek pronunciation started morphing into the Modern Greek pronunciation in the Hellenistic Era, starting around 200 BC. The reason is pretty simple. This is the peak of the Macedonian Empire and Greek is spoken by all the peoples it encompasses. Many variations arise by the many different groups of speakers. However, the more a language spreads, it tends to get simpler and more accessible to people of different backgrounds, with one variation - typically the easiest one - gaining ground over the other ones.

This makes me conclude that for a very large part of the population β was pronounced in a transitive way, like a |b| where the lips barely touch. Try doing it and you’ll see that the b starts getting v qualities. Clearly, it was becoming easier and easier to just say “v” when speaking quickly. This applies to most sound differences between ancient and modern: they are not extremely different but it is how the ancient sound morphs during fast speech.

In general, Modern Greek is the simplification of Ancient Greek in almost all its aspects. It doesn’t really have innovations of its own (or it’s a very rare phenomenon), it’s just a collection of changes that make the language easier and faster.

There is however an alternative theory that is little known to foreign scholars as it is only understood when seen through the native speaker’s perspective. Sounds like b, d and g typically don’t ring well in our ears. They are considered crude sounds. And because Ancient and Byzantine Greeks had all that superiority complex, perhaps it was also a trend to make the language sound softer and more sophisticated, a trend that spread too much and stayed forever. Maybe it doesn’t sound very scientific but don’t rule it out entirely, as Greeks have been doing such stuff to keep the language as sophisticated and elegant as possible for ages. I am personally aware that even not very educated - even borderline illiterate - people born in the previous century would speak in a pseudo-educated way (which was often grammatically incorrect). They would modify the sounds in some words to seem like they spoke in a sophisticated manner and therefore to seem like they were more educated. So, that’s a theory based on personal experience. I am not saying that is the case but it could be a legit reason why v won over b. People heard it, they thought it sounded more sophisticated and adopted it.

Anyway, I find the Lucian pronunciation to be the most plausible take on Koine Greek pronunciation (the stage between Ancient and Modern). You might be able to draw your own conclusions from it, check it out.

[meichenxi]

<j q x> and <zh ch sh>: an in-depth pronunciation guide

Help! I can’t pronounce <j q x>! AM I FOREVER CURSED??

No! You shall rise from the void of bad pronunciation! The gleaming ladder of linguistics beckons and shall guide you to success!

Alright, let’s go! 

This, below, is your mouth! (simplified, in paint, please use your imagination) The pointy bits are your teeth - the dangly bit at the back is your velum. The bits that are relevant for us today are the alveolar ridge, post-alveolar space and the palate. 

<j q x> are all technically 'alveolo-palatal' sounds. Your alveolar ridge in your mouth is the bit behind your teeth that is very hard, before it goes upwards and gets softer. Your palate is divided into your hard palate and soft palate - the hard palate is the bit that burns when you eat pizza! 

Alveolar sounds in English are /t d s z n l/ etc - feel how your tongue is tapping off that hard ridge in the first two. We just have one palatal sound in English, made when your tongue approaches the hard palate - <y>, which is usually written /j/ in linguistics. (<this> means spelling, and /this/ means phonemic pronunciation). 

Post-alveolar sounds are sounds which are made when you retract your tongue a bit from the hard alveolar ridge. We have quite a few - /ʃ/ as in 'shot' <sh>, /ʒ/ as in 'vision' <s>, /tʃ/ as in 'church', and /dʒ/ as in <j>, 'jam'. Congratulations, because these all exist in Chinese! If you're a proficient English speaker or your language has them, pinyin <zh> , <ch> and <sh> should be straightforward (though <sh> especially is a little bit more retroflex, i.e. your tongue curled back, than the English). T

Alveolo-palatal sounds are made with your lips spread wide, with the back of your tongue raised to your palate (like in <yes> as in ‘yes’) and the tip of your tongue resting along the back of the teeth. 

Compare the two pictures. The first is the pronunciation of the post-alveolar sounds, so pinyin <zh ch sh>, and the second is the pronunciation of <j q x>. Notice how in the second picture the body of the tongue is much higher, and the tip of the tongue isn’t curled back, but resting behind the teeth. 

In the picture for the English sounds above, please note that this isn’t totally accurate - Chinese <zh ch sh> as well as <r> are more retroflex - they are pronounced with the tongue curled further back in the mouth - but while your accent may sound ‘off’ if you pronounce them in the English way, it’s close enough that it’s unlikely to be mistaken for anything else, so we’ll leave it there for now. The picture below shows the difference. 

In pinyin, <j> <q> and <x> are written with separate letters to <zh> <ch> <sh>. This is really helpful for us, because they are different sounds, but technically speaking we could write them all the same. What?? Because they are actually linguistically speaking in complementary distribution with each other. 

Think about it. 

Do you ever say ch+iang or q+ang? Or q+an or ch+ian? Or pronounce ch+u with the German umlaut vowel ü, or q+u with the normal <u>? You never do!

The consonants <jqx> and <zh ch sh> are always followed by different vowels to each other. Knowing these vowels will help you tell them apart in listening, and aid you, eventually, in production.  

Look at this diagram below of standard Chinese monophthongs (single vowels). The pointy bit is the front of our mouth, and the lines represent height and ‘backness’. The dots are where the highest point of your tongue in your mouth is when you pronounce the vowel. We only need to worry about <u> and <y> for now. 

The /u/ is the <u> we get after <zh ch sh> - e.g. chū. This is familiar to most people with knowledge of Romance languages - it’s a long, clear sound without any change of the vowel (careful native English speakers; we’re not very good at this one). The /y/ is the German <ü> or French <u>. 

The /I/ here is the high ‘ee’ sound that we get in qi, ji, xi etc. This sound doesn’t exist after <zh ch sh>, but also <s r>. Instead, we have what’s often analysed as a ‘syllabic consonant’ - if you think about it, there really isn’t much ‘vowel’ in 是 shì or 日 rì. The first is just a long <shhh> sound - but this is a complex topic best left for another day. 

Why do we get the high sounds (if you make the sounds in your mouth, you can feel that ‘eeee’ and ‘üüü’ move your tongue higher up than the other two) after the alveolo-palatal consonants and not the others? If you remember, <y> or /j/ as in ‘yes’ is a palatal consonant. This sound is actually incredibly similar to that high ‘eee’ - try saying ‘eee’ and then ‘ehhh’ (as in ‘yes’) and notice that when you switch vowel, you automatically say a <y> sound without even trying. If you are making a palatal sound like <y>, or like <j q x>, your tongue is already in the position to make <ü> and high ‘ee’ very easily. And humans are lazy - it’s much easier to follow a consonant with a vowel that’s in the same place, than to change the place completely. Technically speaking this is called ‘ease of articulation’. So when we want to say <qu>, the <u> gains some of the characteristics and is pronounced more similarly to the <q>. 

And if you think about the rest of the pinyin table - this pattern of <q j x> being associated with ‘high’ vowels doesn’t stop with <u> and <i>. You get <chang>, but you don’t get <*qang> (* means ‘wrong’), but <qiang> with an extra palatal <y> /j/ sound in there. You get <zhang>, but not <*jang>, but <jiang>. You get <shang> but <xiang> etc etc. There are essentially no overlapping areas where only the consonants and different, but the vowels are the same. This is hugely helpful for learning to recognise the difference between the two sets of consonants, and also for people understanding you, the terrible, unforgivable second language learner - since there are no contexts in which the two sets can be confused with each other, as long as you pronounce the vowel afterwards correctly, what you want to say should be clear. 

With that in mind, let’s get onto the actual pronunciation!

This is where you want to pronounce <x>. It’s similar to, but not quite the same as, the German palatal fricative written <ch> as in ‘ich’ (NOT as in ‘ach’), so if you have this sound in your inventory, you’re already winning! When you pronounce <sh>, the body of the tongue (the middle bit) is sunk down quite low; when you pronounce <x>, you need to raise the tongue towards your palate (the ‘palatal’ bit of the sound) and bring the front of your tongue under the back of your teeth, almost like you’re going to whistle. It’s helpful for all of these to put your tongue behind your lower front teeth, though you can also make the sound with it behind your upper front teeth as in the diagram below. 

When you say <x>, without any vowels following it, it should sound higher pitched, and your lips should be spread wide. When you say <sh>, it sounds lower pitched and your lips are not stretched - in fact, they’re bunched. Watch videos of native speakers pronouncing them in isolation, and try to copy their mouth shapes. 

<j> vs <q>

Most people can get away with some approximation of <x> because of the difference in vowel sounds, and while it may be wrong, if the rest of your pronunciation is ok, it won’t make a huge difference to people’s understanding of you. Many people, however, struggle hugely with <q> and <j> - and there’s no handy vowels to tell these apart. 

First: Chinese doesn’t make the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants like many languages like Spanish or Russian, but instead between non-aspirated and aspirated consonants, a little like English. This means that English natives often actually sound more natural when they are pronouncing te de or bo po than other foreigners. For speakers of languages without this aspiration difference (the difference between a consonant with a puff of air and without), this is difficult to get used to, but doesn’t usually cause difficulties with comprehension. What it does mean, though, is that the biggest difference between <q> and <j> is aspiration - <q> is aspirated, while <j> is not. Hold out your hand and try to feel the difference. You should feel a thin stream of air hit your hand in consonants like <t p q>. 

Youtube for practicing:

Grace Mandarin - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05BMKdxHjp8 Mandarin Blueprint - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxIL11PcNXE Yoyo Chinese - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_K1RTPxWiI0

BUT - BUT IT’S STILL SO HARD!!! HOW CAN I MAKE IT EASIER??

Firstly, this vowel difference afterwards is incredibly important. Your pronunciation won’t be CORRECT if you only make this vowel difference, but it will go a LONG way towards helping you a) distinguish the correct pronunciation of other speakers, and b) copying them more accurately. What we’re all doing now, as second language learners or learners who have grown up without as much input as we’d like, is retraining our brain to the contrasts that are important. English doesn’t have a contrast between <q> and <ch>, or <sh> and <x>, so naturally if you’re a monolingual native English speaker it’s going to take some time. Be patient with yourselves. When we’re very young babies, we can make a difference between all phonemic distinctions in the world. And then at about 10 months we just lose that ability essentially instantly, because we’ve already established which contrasts are important and which aren’t. That’s not to say kids can’t learn it - because they clearly do - or adults can’t, but that you are LITERALLY RETRAINING YOUR BRAIN.

 It’s not just about where to put your tongue, how to shape your mouth. Our brains are effective - they only store which information is necessary for the language, nothing extraneous. Technically speaking the /k/ in <kit> and <car> are two very different sounds, and in some languages they count as different phonemes and are written with different letters - but you probably never even noticed they were different at all! Because in English, all the extra information that says ‘this sound is pronounced more palatal’ and ‘this sound is pronounced more velar’ just doesn’t matter. So when you’re trying to learn these contrasts that don’t exist in your native language, it doesn’t matter if you can make the sound correctly once. What you actually need to do is convince your brain that every single time you hear or pronounce <j q x zh ch sh> you need to pay attention to contrast it previously filed under ‘not important’.

Lastly: be kind to yourself!!!

This takes babies about 10 months to get down - 10 months of solid, constant input with caregivers that are very focused on them. And you’re fighting how your brain has wired itself to disregard that contrast. How can you fix this? Input. INPUT IS KING. You need to present your brain with enough Chinese, enough different voices and speakers, to make it realise that there’s a crucial, important difference between all <qiang> and <chang> and so on. This will take time, but as long as you have enough input you’ll get there. But be kind to yourself. YOU ARE RESHAPING YOUR BRAIN. 

加油！

- 梅晨曦